Footnotes

1. ^ See dictionary meanings in the Cambridge Dictionary of American English, at Dictionary.com (esp. meanings 1-5 and 7-8) and at AskOxford (esp. verbs).
2. ^ See dictionary meanings at Dictionary.com, esp. meanings 10-12. Note that meaning no. 9 in the same entry is the product of a design process.
3. ^ This is sometimes seen in religion. In the Old Testament or Torah, God arranges how the Jewish Passover should be observed. Also consider Jehovah's Witnesses' observance of The Memorial, they being a religious body that began in 1879.
4. ^ College of Design, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Graphic Design, Iowa State University. (Mission statement, 2nd paragraph, from "Analytical thought ..." ).
5. ^ Judith E. Sims-Knight, Richard L. Upchurch and Paul Fortier, A Simulation Task to Assess Students’ Design Process Skill (Introduction, 4th paragraph, line 4)
6. ^ Michl, Jan (2002). "On Seeing Design as Redesign: An Exploration of a Neglected Problem in Design Education." In: Scandinavian Journal of Design History 12:7-23; online at: http://www.designaddict.com/essais/michl.html
7. ^ Cross, N., 2006. T211 Design and Designing: Block 2, page 99. Milton Keynes: The Open University.
8. ^ Ullman, David G. (2009) The Mechanical Design Process, Mc Graw Hill, 4th edition
9. ^ Holm, Ivar (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 8254701741.
10. ^ Mark Getlein, Living With Art, 8th ed. (New York: 2008) 121.
11. ^ American Psychological Association (APA): design. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved January 10, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/design
12. ^ American Psychological Association (APA): engineering. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved January 10, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/engineering
13. ^ Examines the role of embedded behaviour in human environments.
14. ^ Concerns the existence and construction of mathematical set systems that have specified numerical properties.
15. ^ Actively involving users in the design process.
16. ^ Drafting and other forms of modelling.
17. ^ Includes economic, environmental and political issues.